The wars were fought mainly in Scotland and northern England, especially along the border, the central Lowlands, and the eastern coastal corridor. Key sites included Stirling Bridge, Falkirk, Bannockburn, and Berwick, while Scottish forces also raided English territory. Castles and fortified towns controlled roads and river crossings and became repeated siege targets. Rugged uplands and restricted routes could hinder larger invading armies, while ports provided access to supplies and foreign contacts.