The wars extended across Ireland, with the Nine Years War centered on Ulster before a decisive campaign at Kinsale in the south. Confederate and Cromwellian fighting involved cities and strongholds including Kilkenny, Drogheda, and Wexford. The Williamite War included Derry, the Boyne valley, Aughrim, and Limerick. Ports linked Irish forces with foreign allies, while rivers, walled towns, and difficult rural terrain shaped campaigns across the island.