The conflicts ranged across Europe's Rhine and Danube frontiers, the Balkans, Gaul, the Iberian Peninsula, and Italy. Groups arriving from the Eurasian steppe moved through the Black Sea region and the Danube basin, while the Vandals eventually established power in North Africa. Major routes followed river valleys, plains, and crossings through mountain barriers. Rome, Constantinople, frontier provinces, and Mediterranean ports were recurring centers of strategic competition.