Martha Washington

(1731-1802)
BIRTH
June 2, 1731
Chestnut Grove, New Kent County, Virginia
Martha Dandridge

FATHER
John Dandridge Jr.
(1700-1756)
First Lady of the United States
1789-1797
Martha Washington was the first U.S. first lady, helping establish the public role of a president's wife. Born Martha Dandridge, she married planter Daniel Parke Custis in 1750 and inherited a substantial estate when he died in 1757. She married George Washington in 1759 and moved to Mount Vernon. During the Revolution she visited army camps in winter. As the president's wife she hosted social gatherings, then returned to Mount Vernon with him in 1797.
BORN
Martha Dandridge
Chestnut Grove, New Kent County, Virginia
NICKNAMES
Patsy
Married Name
Martha Custis; Martha Washington
Martha Washington Birthplace Marker
12003 New Kent Highway, New Kent, VA
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington was born near here in 1731. During the Revolution she spent winters with George Washington at Continental encampments, supported soldiers, and helped sustain headquarters society. The birthplace commemorates the origins of the commander’s indispensable partner.
MARKER
As the oldest of eight, including one sister that was 25 years her junior, Martha played a maternal and domestic role beginning early in life. Her father was well-connected with the Virginia aristocracy despite his relative lack of wealth.. Martha Dandridge married Daniel Parke Custis on May 15, 1750, and the couple had four children, only one of whom survived to adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at the age of 26, inheriting a large estate. She was remarried to George Washington in 1759, moving to his plantation, Mount Vernon. Her youngest daughter died of epilepsy in 1773, and the Washingtons were unable to conceive any children of their own.
Washington became a symbol of the American Revolution after her husband was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and she took on a matronly role while visiting encampments when fighting stalled each winter. Her only surviving child, John, died from a camp illness during the war. After the war ended in 1783, Washington sought retirement at Mount Vernon, but she was returned to public life when her husband became president of the United States in 1789.
Washington took on the social role of the president's wife reluctantly, becoming a national celebrity in the process. She found this life unpleasant, feeling that she was restricted and wishing for retirement. In addition to hosting weekly social events, Washington understood that how she composed herself would reflect on the nation, both domestically and abroad. As such, she struck a careful balance between the dignity associated with a head of state's wife and the humility associated with republican government.
The Washingtons returned to Mount Vernon in 1797, and she spent her retirement years greeting admirers and advising her successors. She was widowed for a second time in 1799, and she died two and a half years later in 1802.
CAREER
DEATH
Martha Dandridge Washington also inherited her husband's slaves on the condition that they be freed upon her death. Fearing that these slaves might hurt her, Washington freed them. She did not have the authority to free her dower slaves, and Washington chose not to free the one slave, Elish, whom she personally owned. Washington retained an interest in the presidency after her tenure as first lady, beginning the tradition of advising her successors. The Washington family long disliked Thomas Jefferson and Jeffersonian politics, in part because of the central role he played in criticizing the Washington administration. Washington took offense when Jefferson became president, as she felt that he did not give adequate respect to the office. Washington's health, always somewhat precarious, declined after her husband's death. She had anticipated her death since that of her husband. When she developed a fever in 1802, Washington burned all of her husband's letters to her, summoned a clergyman to administer last communion, and chose her funeral dress. Two and a half years after the death of her husband, Washington died on May 22, 1802, at age 70. Following her death, Washington's body was interred in the original Washington family tomb vault at Mount Vernon. In 1831, the surviving executors of George's estate removed the bodies of the Washingtons from the old vault to a similar structure within the present enclosure at Mount Vernon.
Martha Washington Was Here
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