The first war centered on Schleswig and Holstein near the Danish-German frontier, with major fighting at Dybbøl and Als. The Austro-Prussian War spread across German states and Bohemia, where Königgrätz, now Hradec Králové, was decisive. The Franco-Prussian War moved through Alsace and Lorraine into northern France and the siege of Paris. Railways, mobilization routes, border fortresses, and river crossings enabled increasingly large armies to operate across central and western Europe.