Yang Kaihui
Yang Kaihui was the second wife of Mao Zedong and an early member of the Chinese Communist Party; she was executed by the Nationalists in 1930 after refusing to renounce Mao. After returning to Changsha, she married Mao in 1920. She joined the Chinese Communist Party and worked with Mao in Changsha, Shanghai and Guangzhou. In October 1930 she was arrested by the forces of the Hunan warlord He Jian. Mao later honored her in his poem The Immortals.
EARLY LIFE
Yang Kaihui was born on November 6, 1901, in Bancang, in Changsha County, Hunan Province, China. Her father, Yang Changji, was a scholar who had studied in Japan and Britain and who taught ethics at the Hunan First Normal School in Changsha, where Mao Zedong was one of his students. Through her father, she came to know Mao and his circle of politically active students. In 1918 her father took a professorship at Peking University, and the family moved to Beijing. There she continued her studies.
After returning to Changsha, she married Mao in 1920. She joined the Chinese Communist Party and worked with Mao in Changsha, Shanghai and Guangzhou. They had three sons: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing and Mao Anlong.
After the Communists' break with the Nationalists in 1927, Mao went to the countryside to lead the armed struggle, and Yang returned with their children to her family home near Changsha.
In October 1930 she was arrested by the forces of the Hunan warlord He Jian. She refused to denounce Mao and the Communist Party and was executed in Changsha on November 14, 1930. Mao later honored her in his poem The Immortals.
CAREER
DEATH
Yang Kaihui was executed at Changsha on November 14, 1930, after arrest by forces associated with the Nationalist authorities in Hunan. Her final weeks were spent in detention during the violent struggle between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists. She was pressed to renounce her political commitments and her relationship with Mao Zedong, but the surviving accounts describe her refusal. These narratives emphasize steadfastness under threat and mistreatment, although the exact private exchanges in prison cannot all be independently verified. The secure distinction is that her death resulted from a political execution, not a natural terminal illness. She was about twenty-nine and the mother of three sons. Her arrest and death disrupted the children's lives and separated the household from the revolutionary work in which she had participated. Later commemorations, including Mao's poetry, gave her ending a prominent symbolic place, but they were written long after the execution and should not be read as eyewitness records of the last day. The available biography establishes the detention, pressure to recant and execution more clearly than it establishes the minute-by-minute events at the site. Exact final words or a detailed medical account of injuries would therefore exceed what can responsibly be stated.
POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES
Yang Kaihui, the Chinese revolutionary and Mao Zedong’s wife. The Mao biographies provide related family biography; the women’s histories give wider revolutionary context. Five dedicated biographies were not identified. These editorial selections include biographies where available, with personal writings, collective biography, reference works and related studies clearly labelled.
1. Mao: The Real Story — Alexander V. Pantsov; Steven I. Levine. [Related biography of her husband] Find on Amazon
2. Mao: A Biography — Ross Terrill. [Related biography of her husband] Find on Amazon
3. Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History — Rebecca E. Karl. [Related biography of her husband] Find on Amazon
4. Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s — Christina Kelley Gilmartin. [Collective women’s and revolutionary history] Find on Amazon
5. The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China’s Collective Past — Gail Hershatter. [Related women’s and social history] Find on Amazon
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