Mariam-uz-Zamani
Mariam-uz-Zamani was a Rajput princess of Amer who married Akbar in 1562 and became mother of the emperor Jahangir. Her position linked the Mughal court with the Kachhwaha ruling family. She also owned trading and pilgrimage ships; the Portuguese seizure of her vessel Rahimi in 1613 caused a diplomatic crisis. She died in 1623. Popular use of the name Jodha Bai is disputed, and modern birth dates such as 1542 or 1545 lack secure contemporary support.
EARLY LIFE
Mariam-uz-Zamani was born around 1542 at Amber, in Rajasthan, the daughter of Raja Bharmal, the ruler of the Kachwaha Rajput kingdom of Amber. Her personal name is uncertain; she is often called Jodha Bai in popular tradition, though that name is not found in contemporary sources. In February 1562 her father arranged her marriage to the young Mughal emperor Akbar at Sambhar, forming an alliance that brought the Kachwahas into Mughal service. She did not convert to Islam and continued to practice her Hindu faith at the Mughal court.
In 1569 she gave birth to Salim, Akbar's long-awaited heir, who later became the emperor Jahangir. She received the title Mariam-uz-Zamani, meaning Mary of the Age.
She became one of the wealthiest women in the Mughal empire and engaged in overseas trade, owning ships that carried pilgrims and goods to Arabia. In 1613 the Portuguese seized her great ship, the Rahimi, provoking a crisis with the Mughals.
Mariam-uz-Zamani died at Agra on May 19, 1623. Her tomb stands near Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra.
CAREER
DEATH
In 1613 the Portuguese seized her great ship, the Rahimi, provoking a crisis with the Mughals. In 1569 she gave birth to Salim, Akbar's long-awaited heir, who later became the emperor Jahangir. She received the title Mariam-uz-Zamani, meaning Mary of the Age. She became one of the wealthiest women in the Mughal empire and engaged in overseas trade, owning ships that carried pilgrims and goods to Arabia. Her tomb stands near Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra. A major incident that further strained relations between the Mughals and the Portuguese was the seizure and burning of Mariam-uz-Zamani's pilgrimage ship, the Rahīmī, in September 1613. In 1617, two English pirates tried to seize Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship, which was returning from the Red Sea with numerous hajjis and valuable cargo, but in the nick of time, the ship was rescued. During the plague at Agra in 1619, when Jahangir was staying at Fatehpur Sikri, he recorded that Mariam-uz-Zamani travelled from Agra to visit him and expressed gratitude for the opportunity to wait upon her, adding that he hoped "the shadow of her protection and affection" would always remain over him. Mariam-uz-Zamani died in May 1623, immensely rich and powerful. She was buried with due honour in a mausoleum at Sikandra, near the tomb of her husband, Akbar. However, Jahangir's memoirs contain several references to her declining health from 1616 onwards, describing her as physically frail in her later years.
POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES
Mariam-uz-Zamani, the Rajput wife of Akbar and mother of Jahangir. The popular name Jodha Bai is disputed. These selections include collective royal studies and related books about her husband and son. Five dedicated biographies were not identified. These editorial selections include biographies where available, with personal writings, collective biography, reference works and related studies clearly labelled.
1. Daughters of the Sun: Empresses, Queens and Begums of the Mughal Empire — Ira Mukhoty. [Collective royal biography] Find on Amazon
2. Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World — Ruby Lal. [Related court and gender history] Find on Amazon
3. Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions — Soma Mukherjee. [Collective royal biographical study] Find on Amazon
4. Akbar: The Great Mughal — Ira Mukhoty. [Related biography of her husband] Find on Amazon
5. The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India — Jahangir; Wheeler M. Thackston (translator and editor). [Related primary memoir by her son] Find on Amazon
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