Francis II of France
Francis II, eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, reigned as king of France for only seventeen months in 1559-1560, and as the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots he was also king consort of Scotland. The marriage strengthened the alliance between France and Scotland against England. Francis became king on July 10, 1559, at fifteen, after his father's death from a jousting wound. Many conspirators were executed, and religious tensions grew.
EARLY LIFE
Francis was born on January 19, 1544, at the Château de Fontainebleau, the eldest son of the future Henry II and Catherine de' Medici. He was born after more than ten years of his parents' marriage and was a frail and sickly child. In 1548, at the age of four, he was betrothed to the young Mary, Queen of Scots, under a treaty that brought her to France, and the two children were raised together at the French court. They married at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 24, 1558, and Francis became king consort of Scotland. The marriage strengthened the alliance between France and Scotland against England.
Francis became king on July 10, 1559, at fifteen, after his father's death from a jousting wound. Although he was legally of age, real power passed to his wife's uncles, Francis, Duke of Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine.
The Guises' hard line against Protestants provoked the Conspiracy of Amboise in March 1560, a failed Huguenot plot to seize the king and remove them from power. Many conspirators were executed, and religious tensions grew.
Late in 1560 Francis developed an ear infection that spread. He died at Orléans on December 5, 1560, and his younger brother Charles IX succeeded him, with Catherine de' Medici as regent.
CAREER
DEATH
In foreign policy, Francis II continued peace efforts Henry II had begun with the signing of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559, which ended 40 years of war between France and the Habsburg empire. By the autumn of 1559, France had completely left Savoy, and Piedmont, except for the five locations agreed upon in the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. On 23 December 1560, Francis II's body was interred in the Basilica of St Denis by the Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon. Francis II, eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, reigned as king of France for only seventeen months in 1559-1560, and as the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots he was also king consort of Scotland. Francis became king on July 10, 1559, at fifteen, after his father's death from a jousting wound. Although he was legally of age, real power passed to his wife's uncles, Francis, Duke of Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. The Guises' hard line against Protestants provoked the Conspiracy of Amboise in March 1560, a failed Huguenot plot to seize the king and remove them from power. Many conspirators were executed, and religious tensions grew. Late in 1560 Francis developed an ear infection that spread. He died at Orléans on December 5, 1560, and his younger brother Charles IX succeeded him, with Catherine de' Medici as regent.
POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES
Francis II of France, Mary, Queen of Scots’s first husband and Catherine de’ Medici’s son. The selections provide collective royal and related family biography. Editorial selections prioritize biographical coverage; five standalone biographies were not established. Family and collective biographies, primary writings, references and related studies are labelled individually. Multi-volume works and series are counted as one selection.
1. Young Queens: Three Renaissance Women and the Price of Power — Leah Redmond Chang. [Collective biography] Find on Amazon
2. Mary Queen of Scots — Retha M. Warnicke. [Related biography of his wife] Find on Amazon
3. Catherine de Medici — Hugh Ross Williamson. [Related biography of his mother] Find on Amazon
4. Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France — Kathleen Wellman. [Collective biography] Find on Amazon
5. The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 — Mack P. Holt. [Related court and political history; aftermath of his reign] Find on Amazon
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