Charles Sumner

(1811-1874)
BIRTH
January 6, 1811
PLACE
Boston, Massachusetts
DEATH
March 11, 1874
PLACE
Washington, D.C.
FAMILY
FATHER
Charles Pinckney Sumner
(1776–1839)
HOMES
POLITICAL VIEWS
ABOLITIONIST, ANTI-WAR ADVOCATE
FREE SOIL PARTY MEMBER, REPUBLICAN
RELIGIOUS VIEWS
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION UNCERTAIN
DENOMINATION UNCERTAIN
MEMBERSHIPS
AWARDS
Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner was a leading opponent of slavery in Congress, was nearly beaten to death on the Senate floor in 1856, and became a leader of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction. Sumner first gained public notice with his 1845 Fourth of July oration The True Grandeur of Nations, attacking war. Two days later, on May 22, Butler's relative Representative Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane at his desk in the Senate chamber.
EARLY LIFE
Charles Sumner was born on January 6, 1811, in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Charles Pinckney Sumner, a lawyer and reformer who later became sheriff of Suffolk County, and Relief Jacob. He attended the Boston Latin School and graduated from Harvard College in 1830 and Harvard Law School in 1834, where he became a protege of Justice Joseph Story. He practiced law in Boston, lectured at Harvard Law School, and edited legal works. From 1837 to 1840 he traveled in Europe, meeting leading writers, jurists, and politicians, an experience that broadened his interest in international law, peace, and social reform.
Sumner first gained public notice with his 1845 Fourth of July oration The True Grandeur of Nations, attacking war. He joined the Conscience Whigs and then the Free Soil Party, and in 1851 a coalition in the Massachusetts legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate.
In May 1856 he delivered the speech The Crime Against Kansas, denouncing the proslavery violence in Kansas and insulting Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Two days later, on May 22, Butler's relative Representative Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane at his desk in the Senate chamber. His injuries kept him from the Senate for most of the next three years, and his empty seat became a symbol of Southern violence in the North.
Sumner chaired the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1861 to 1871 and pressed for emancipation, Black suffrage, and civil rights during Reconstruction. He broke with President Grant over the annexation of Santo Domingo. He died in Washington, D.C., on March 11, 1874; his civil rights bill became law as the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
CAREER
DEATH
Long ailing, Charles Sumner died of a heart attack at his home in Washington, D.C., on March 11, 1874, aged 63. He lay in state at the United States Capitol rotunda, the second senator (Henry Clay being the first, in 1852) and fourth person so honored. At his March 16 burial in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the pallbearers included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John Greenleaf Whittier. In the aftermath, Mississippi Senator Lucius Lamar's eulogy for Sumner was controversial enough considering his Southern heritage that the incident resulted in Lamar's inclusion in John F. Kennedy's book Profiles in Courage. His final illness came while he was still a United States senator, after years in which poor health had repeatedly interrupted his work. The injuries inflicted during the caning in the Senate in 1856 were an important earlier episode, but should not be confused with the reported heart attack of 1874. In his last political period he continued to press for equal civil rights. The civil rights legislation associated with that campaign passed after his death, making his final public efforts unfinished work rather than an accomplished settlement he lived to see.
POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES
1. The Great Abolitionist: Charles Sumner and the Fight for a More Perfect Union — Stephen Puleo. Find on Amazon
2. Charles Sumner: Conscience of a Nation — Zaakir Tameez. Find on Amazon
3. Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War — David Herbert Donald. [Biography, volume 1] Find on Amazon
4. Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man — David Herbert Donald. [Biography, volume 2] Find on Amazon
5. Young Charles Sumner and the Legacy of the American Enlightenment, 1811–1851 — Anne-Marie Taylor. [Biography of his early years] Find on Amazon
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